Esperanto Affixes
| GRAMMATICAL ENDINGS | |
| -o | noun: in non-noun roots, presents the root as an abstraction -- parolo spoken word, speech; reĝo king; belo beauty |
| -a | adjective: marks what is related to or identical with the root -- parola of speech, speaking; reĝa kingly, royal; bela beautiful |
| -e | adverb: parole by speech; reĝe royally, as a king; bele beautifully |
| -j | plural: paroloj spoken words; reĝoj kings; beloj beauties |
| -n | accusative: li fidis shian parolon he trusted her word; mi servas la reĝon I serve the king; li adoris nur la belon he worshipped only beauty |
| -i | verb, infinitive: paroli to speak; reĝi to be a king; beli to be beautiful |
| -as | verb, present tense: mi parolas I speak; li reĝas he reigns; ŝi belas she is beautiful |
| -is | verb, past tense: mi parolis I spoke; li reĝis he reigned; ŝi iam belis she was once beautiful |
| -os | verb, future tense: mi parolos I will speak; li reĝos he will reign; ŝi iam belos denove she will someday be beautiful again |
| -us | verb, conditional: mi parolus I would speak; li reĝus he would reign; tio belus that would be beautiful |
| -u | verb, imperative: li parolu! let him speak!; longe li reĝu long may he reign!; mia filiino belu! may my daughter be beautiful! |
PARTICIPIAL FORMATIVES | |
| -ant- | present active: konstruanta building |
| -at- | present passive: konstruata being built |
| -int- | past active: konstruinta having built |
| -it- | past passive: konstruita built |
| -ont- | future active: konstruonta going to build |
| -ot- | future passive: konstruota going to be built |
PREFIXES | |
| Official | |
| bo- | relative by marriage: bofrato brother-in-law |
| dis- | separation, dispersal: disŝiri tear asunder; dispeli disperse, scatter; disen! disperse! |
| ek- | commencement, suddenness: ekbatali join battle; ekbrili flash |
| eks- | former: eksedzino ex-wife; eksiĝi leave office, resign, retire; eksu! down with! |
| ge- | both sexes together: gesinjoroj ladies and gentlemen; gelernejo co-ed school |
| mal- | direct opposite: malbela ugly; malami hate; maltrinki (slang) urinate |
| mis- | wrongly: misciti misquote; mis! butterfingers! |
| pra- | primordiality, remoteness of relationship: praavo great grandfather; praarbaro primeval forest |
| re- | return, repetition: repagi repay; relegi re-read |
Unofficial | |
| des- | removal: desvesti undress; desmaski unmask; deskapi behead |
| eŭ- | glorification: eŭvirino lady; eŭhundo purebred; eŭskribo fine penmanship |
| mini- | mini-: minijupo miniskirt; minimagnetofono minirecorder |
| om- | redo (differently): omskribi rewrite; omnomi rename; omfari redo |
| par- | completely, -up: paruzi use up; pariri to go through to the end |
| po- | in spurts: poveturadi travel by going short distances at a time |
| pre- | pre- (replaces antaŭ in composed words): prediri predict; prekristnasko Christmas Eve |
| stif- | step-: stifpatrino stepmother; stiffilo stepson |
SUFFIXES | |
| Official | |
| -aĉ- | disparagement: virinaĉo hag; belaĉa tawdry; skribaĉi scrawl |
| -ad- | action, esp. prolonged, repeated, or habitual action: reĝado reign; vizitadi visit often, frequent |
| -aĵ- | concrete manifestation: novaĵo news, novelty; nutraĵo nourishment; kreaĵo creation; retaĵo network; lanaĵoj woollens; majstraĵo masterpiece; pentraĵo painting |
| -an- | member of, inhabitant of: policano policeman; Afrikano African |
| -ar- | collective, group: vagonaro train; vortaro dictionary |
| -ĉj- | endearment, masculine: Miĉjo Mike; Vilĉjo, Viĉjo Bill, Willy; paĉjo Dad |
| -ebl- | possibility: lernebla learnable; sanigebla curable |
| -ec- | abstract quality: amikeco friendship; blankeca whitish; posedeco ownership; kapteco captivity |
| -eg- | augmentative: domego mansion; bluega deep blue; malamegi detest, abhor |
| -ej- | place allotted to or characterized by: golfejo golf course; dormejo dormitory |
| -em- | disposition, tendency: timema fearful; kaŝema secretive; erarema fallible |
| -end- | passive obligation: farenda that must be done; evitenda that must be avoided |
| -er- | small particle of a whole: akvero drop of water; monero coin |
| -estr- | leader, head: imperiestro emperor; centestro centurion |
| -et- | diminutive: ŝtoneto pebble; blueta bluish; boleti simmer |
| -id- | descendant of: reĝido prince; Latinidaj lingvoj romance languages; katido kitten |
| -ig- | causative = fari -a, -anta, -ata: shtatigi nationalize; faciligi facilitate; boligi boil; konstruigi cause to be built |
| -iĝ- | become, get -a, -anta, -ata: amikiĝi become friends; paliĝi pale; manĝiĝi get eaten; sidiĝi sit down |
| -il- | tool, implement: solvilo solvent; demandilo inquiry form; veturilo vehicle |
| -in- | female: porkino sow; belulino belle; ĉemizino chemise (colloquial) |
| -ind- | worthiness: fidinda trustworthy; ridinda ridiculous; kompatinda poor |
| -ing- | socket, holder: glavingo scabbard; eningigi sheathe |
| -ism- | theory, system; characteristic behavior: komunismo communism; Darvinismo Darwinism; anglismo anglicism; fetichismo fetishism |
| -ist- | professional; enthusiastic amateur; adherent, partisan: floristo florist; biciklisto cyclist; Budhisto Buddhist |
| -nj- | endearment, feminine: Marinjo, Manjo Maria; panjo Mom |
| -obl- | multiple: duobla double; oblo multiple; multobliĝema prolific |
| -on- | fraction: kvarono quarter; dekonaĵo tithe; duonigi halve |
| -op- | collective numeral: duope in twos, two by two; triopigita fadeno three-ply thread; gutope drop by drop |
| -uj- | container, receptacle: abelujo beehive; monujo purse; pomujo appletree; Anglujo (infrequent) England -- this last use of -uj- has largely been replaced by -i- |
| -ul- | person: mamulo mammal; belulino belle; timulo coward; ulo guy, dude |
| -um- | no fixed meaning: buŝumo muzzle; plenumi fulfill; amindumi woo |
Unofficial | |
| -ab- | fixture, installation: lavabo sink; necesabo toilet |
| -abl- | capability: pagabla able to pay, solvent; sanigabla curable; interchangeable with -iv- |
| -ac- | (bot) name of family: rozacoj Rosaceae |
| -al- | related to, belonging to: ŝtatala belonging to the state; mortala mortal |
| -al- | (bot) name of order: likopodialoj Lycopodiales |
| -al- | (chem) aldehyde: etanalo acetaldehyde |
| -algi- | (med) pain: lumbalgio lumbago |
| -an- | (chem) paraffin hydrocarbon: pentano pentane |
| -at- | (chem) salt of -ic acid: nitrato nitrate |
| -ator- | piece of machinery: generatoro generator; levatoro hoist, lift |
| -atr- | -like, -ish: blankatra whitish; tagmezatra noonish |
| -e- | -colored: orea golden; laktea milky-white |
| -ed- | (zool) name of family: cervedoj Cervidae |
| -en- | (chem) unsaturated hydrocarbon: propileno propylene |
| -en- | (zool) name of subfamily: mustelenoj Mustelinae |
| -eni- | -ennial: centenio centennial |
| -ent- | person or thing permanently associated with an activity: studento student; kurento current |
| -esk- | (lit) -esque: romaneska Romanesque |
| -i- | name of a country: Alĝerio Algeria; Germanio Germany |
| -icid- | (bio) -icide, -killer: herbicido herbicide |
| -iĉ- | male: porkiĉo boar; beluliĉo hunk, Adonis |
| -id- | (chem) -ide: klorido chloride |
| -if- | (tech) -fy = fari -o: varmifi make into heat -- compare -ig- |
| -ik- | (chem) salt, -ic: ferika klorido ferric chloride |
| -il- | (chem) alkyl, -yl: butilo butyl |
| -ilion- | million to the nth power: duiliono trillion (1,000,000,000,000); triiliono quintillion (1,000,000,000,000,000,000) |
| -im- | single instance of action: vipimo lash; martelimo hammer strike |
| -in- | (chem) acetylenic hydrocarbon, -yne: butino butyne |
| -isim- | most: bravisime most bravely; generalisimo generalissimo, commander in chief |
| -istik- | art,science or skill: lingvistiko linguistics |
| -it- | (chem) salt of -ous acid: nitrito nitrite |
| -it- | (med) inflammation, -itis: apendicito appendicitis |
| -iv- | capability: pagiva able to pay, solvent; produktiva productive; interchangeable with -abl- |
| -iz- | -ize: (i) provide with: najlizi furnish with nails, stud; (ii) technical or scientific procedure: hipnotizi hypnotize |
| -metr- | (o)meter: spektrometro spectrometer |
| -metri- | (o)metry: spektrometrio spectrometry |
| -ograf- | ographer: leksikografo lexicographer |
| -ografi- | ography: leksikografio lexicography |
| -oid- | -oid: elipsoido ellipsoid |
| -ol- | (chem) -OH compound: etanolo ethyl alcohol |
| -olog- | -ologer, -ologist: leksikologo lexicologist |
| -ologi- | -ology: leksikologio lexicology |
| -om- | (med) tumor: fibromo fibroma |
| -on- | (chem) ketone: propanono propanone |
| -oskop- | -oscope: spektroskopo spectroscope |
| -oskopi- | -oscopy: spektroskopio spectroscopy |
| -oz- | abundance of, full of: poroza porous |
| -oz- | (chem) salt, -ous: feroza klorido ferrous chloride |
| -oz- | (med) disease, -osis: tuberkulozo tuberculosis |
| -ud- | large, abundant: mamuda large breasted; ventruda potbellied; kojonuda ballsy |